Location:
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Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Libya and the Gaza Strip, and the Red Sea north of Sudan, and includes the Asian Sinai Peninsula
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Geographic coordinates:
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27 00 N, 30 00 E
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Map references:
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Africa
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Area:
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total: 1,001,450 sq km
land: 995,450 sq km
water: 6,000 sq km
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Area - comparative:
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slightly more than three times the size of New Mexico
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Land boundaries:
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total: 2,665 km
border countries: Gaza Strip 11 km, Israel 266 km, Libya 1,115 km, Sudan 1,273 km
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Coastline:
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2,450 km
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Maritime claims:
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territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation
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Climate:
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desert; hot, dry summers with moderate winters
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Terrain:
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vast desert plateau interrupted by Nile valley and delta
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Qattara Depression -133 m
highest point: Mount Catherine 2,629 m
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Natural resources:
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petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, manganese, limestone, gypsum, talc, asbestos, lead, zinc
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Land use:
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arable land: 2.92%
permanent crops: 0.5%
other: 96.58% (2005)
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Irrigated land:
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34,220 sq km (2003)
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Total renewable water resources:
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86.8 cu km (1997)
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Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):
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total: 68.3 cu km/yr (8%/6%/86%)
per capita: 923 cu m/yr (2000)
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Natural hazards:
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periodic droughts; frequent earthquakes, flash floods, landslides; hot, driving windstorm called khamsin occurs in spring; dust storms, sandstorms
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Environment - current issues:
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agricultural land being lost to urbanization and windblown sands; increasing soil salination below Aswan High Dam; desertification; oil pollution threatening coral reefs, beaches, and marine habitats; other water pollution from agricultural pesticides, raw sewage, and industrial effluents; limited natural fresh water resources away from the Nile, which is the only perennial water source; rapid growth in population overstraining the Nile and natural resources
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Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements
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Geography - note:
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controls Sinai Peninsula, only land bridge between Africa and remainder of Eastern Hemisphere; controls Suez Canal, a sea link between Indian Ocean and Mediterranean Sea; size, and juxtaposition to Israel, establish its major role in Middle Eastern geopolitics; dependence on upstream neighbors; dominance of Nile basin issues; prone to influxes of refugees
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Population:
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81,713,520 (July 2008 est.)
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Age structure:
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0-14 years: 31.8% (male 13,292,961/female 12,690,711)
15-64 years: 63.5% (male 26,257,440/female 25,627,390)
65 years and over: 4.7% (male 1,636,560/female 2,208,455) (2008 est.)
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Median age:
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total: 24.5 years
male: 24.1 years
female: 24.9 years (2008 est.)
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Population growth rate:
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1.682% (2008 est.)
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Birth rate:
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22.12 births/1,000 population (2008 est.)
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Death rate:
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5.09 deaths/1,000 population (2008 est.)
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Net migration rate:
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-0.21 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2008 est.)
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Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.74 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2008 est.)
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Infant mortality rate:
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total: 28.36 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 30.06 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 26.57 deaths/1,000 live births (2008 est.)
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Life expectancy at birth:
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total population: 71.85 years
male: 69.3 years
female: 74.52 years (2008 est.)
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Total fertility rate:
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2.72 children born/woman (2008 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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less than 0.1% (2001 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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12,000 (2001 est.)
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HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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700 (2003 est.)
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Major infectious diseases:
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degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever
water contact disease: schistosomiasis
note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds
(2008)
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Nationality:
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noun: Egyptian(s)
adjective: Egyptian
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Ethnic groups:
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Egyptian 99.6%, other 0.4% (2006 census)
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Religions:
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Muslim (mostly Sunni) 90%, Coptic 9%, other Christian 1%
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Languages:
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Arabic (official), English and French widely understood by educated classes
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Literacy:
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 71.4%
male: 83%
female: 59.4% (2005 est.)
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Education expenditures:
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4.2% of GDP (2006)
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Country name:
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conventional long form: Arab Republic of Egypt
conventional short form: Egypt
local long form: Jumhuriyat Misr al-Arabiyah
local short form: Misr
former: United Arab Republic (with Syria)
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Government type:
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republic
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Capital:
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name: Cairo
geographic coordinates: 30 03 N, 31 15 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Friday in April; ends last Thursday in September
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Administrative divisions:
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26 governorates (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Ad Daqahliyah, Al Bahr al Ahmar (Red Sea), Al Buhayrah (El Beheira), Al Fayyum (El Faiyum), Al Gharbiyah, Al Iskandariyah (Alexandria), Al Isma'iliyah (Ismailia), Al Jizah (Giza), Al Minufiyah (El Monofia), Al Minya, Al Qahirah (Cairo), Al Qalyubiyah, Al Wadi al Jadid (New Valley), As Suways (Suez), Ash Sharqiyah, Aswan, Asyut, Bani Suwayf (Beni Suef), Bur Sa'id (Port Said), Dumyat (Damietta), Janub Sina' (South Sinai), Kafr ash Shaykh, Matruh (Western Desert), Qina (Qena), Shamal Sina' (North Sinai), Suhaj (Sohag)
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Independence:
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28 February 1922 (from UK)
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National holiday:
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Revolution Day, 23 July (1952)
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Constitution:
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11 September 1971; amended 22 May 1980, 25 May 2005, and 26 March 2007
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Legal system:
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based on Islamic and civil law (particularly Napoleonic codes); judicial review by Supreme Court and Council of State (oversees validity of administrative decisions); accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations
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Suffrage:
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18 years of age; universal and compulsory
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Executive branch:
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chief of state: President Mohamed Hosni MUBARAK (since 14 October 1981)
head of government: Prime Minister Ahmed Mohamed NAZIF (since 9 July 2004)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for six-year term (no term limits); note - a national referendum in May 2005 approved a constitutional amendment that changed the presidential election to a multicandidate popular vote; previously the president was nominated by the People's Assembly and the nomination was validated by a national, popular referendum; last referendum held 26 September 1999; first election under terms of constitutional amendment held 7 September 2005; next election scheduled for 2011
election results: Hosni MUBARAK reelected president; percent of vote - Hosni MUBARAK 88.6%, Ayman NOUR 7.6%, Noman GOMAA 2.9%
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Legislative branch:
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bicameral system consists of the People's Assembly or Majlis al-Sha'b (454 seats; 444 elected by popular vote, 10 appointed by the president; members serve five-year terms) and the Advisory Council or Majlis al-Shura that traditionally functions only in a consultative role but 2007 constitutional amendments could grant the Council new powers (264 seats; 176 elected by popular vote, 88 appointed by the president; members serve six-year terms; mid-term elections for half of the elected members)
elections: People's Assembly - three-phase voting - last held 7 and 20 November, 1 December 2005;(next to be held November-December 2010); Advisory Council - last held June 2007 (next to be held May-June 2010)
election results: People's Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NDP 311, NWP 6, Tagammu 2, Tomorrow Party 1, independents 112 (12 seats to be determined by rerun elections, 10 seats appointed by President); Advisory Council - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NDP 84, Tagammu 1, independents 3
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Judicial branch:
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Supreme Constitutional Court
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Political parties and leaders:
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National Democratic Party or NDP (governing party) [Mohamed Hosni MUBARAK]; National Progressive Unionist Grouping or Tagammu [Rifaat EL-SAID]; New Wafd Party or NWP [Mahmoud ABAZA]; Tomorrow Party [Moussa Mustafa MOUSSA]
note: formation of political parties must be approved by the government; only parties with representation in elected bodies are listed
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Political pressure groups and leaders:
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Muslim Brotherhood (technically illegal)
note: despite a constitutional ban against religious-based parties and political activity, the technically illegal Muslim Brotherhood constitutes Hosni MUBARAK's potentially most significant political opposition
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International organization participation:
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ABEDA, ACCT, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AU, BSEC (observer), CAEU, COMESA, EBRD, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS, MIGA, MINURSO, NAM, OAPEC, OAS (observer), OIC, OIF, OSCE (partner), PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNOMIG, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
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Diplomatic representation in the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador (designate) Sameh SHOUKRY
chancery: 3521 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 895-5400
FAX: [1] (202) 244-4319
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, New York, San Francisco
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Diplomatic representation from the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador Francis J. RICCIARDONE, Jr.
embassy: 8 Kamal El Din Salah St., Garden City, Cairo
mailing address: Unit 64900, Box 15, APO AE 09839-4900
telephone: [20] (2) 2797-3300
FAX: [20] (2) 2797-3200
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Flag description:
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three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; the national emblem (a gold Eagle of Saladin facing the hoist side with a shield superimposed on its chest above a scroll bearing the name of the country in Arabic) centered in the white band; design is based on the Arab Liberation flag and similar to the flag of Syria, which has two green stars in the white band, Iraq, which has an Arabic inscription centered in the white band, and Yemen, which has a plain white band
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Economy - overview:
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Occupying the northeast corner of the African continent, Egypt is bisected by the highly fertile Nile valley, where most economic activity takes place. In the last 30 years, the government has reformed the highly centralized economy it inherited from President Gamel Abdel NASSER. In 2005, Prime Minister Ahmed NAZIF's government reduced personal and corporate tax rates, reduced energy subsidies, and privatized several enterprises. The stock market boomed, and GDP grew about 5% per year in 2005-06, and topped 7% in 2007. Despite these achievements, the government has failed to raise living standards for the average Egyptian, and has had to continue providing subsidies for basic necessities. The subsidies have contributed to a sizeable budget deficit - roughly 7.5% of GDP in 2007 - and represent a significant drain on the economy. Foreign direct investment has increased significantly in the past two years, but the NAZIF government will need to continue its aggressive pursuit of reforms in order to sustain the spike in investment and growth and begin to improve economic conditions for the broader population. Egypt's export sectors - particularly natural gas - have bright prospects.
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GDP (purchasing power parity):
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$405.4 billion (2007 est.)
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GDP (official exchange rate):
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$127.9 billion (2007 est.)
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GDP - real growth rate:
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7.1% (2007 est.)
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GDP - per capita (PPP):
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$5,000 (2007 est.)
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GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 13.8%
industry: 38.1%
services: 48% (2007 est.)
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Labor force:
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22.1 million (2007 est.)
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Labor force - by occupation:
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agriculture: 32%
industry: 17%
services: 51% (2001 est.)
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Unemployment rate:
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9.1% (2007 est.)
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Population below poverty line:
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20% (2005 est.)
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Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest 10%: 3.7%
highest 10%: 29.5% (2000)
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Distribution of family income - Gini index:
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34.4 (2001)
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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9.5% (2007 est.)
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Investment (gross fixed):
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21.2% of GDP (2007 est.)
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Budget:
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revenues: $35.05 billion
expenditures: $44.83 billion (2007 est.)
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Public debt:
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105.8% of GDP (2007 est.)
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Agriculture - products:
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cotton, rice, corn, wheat, beans, fruits, vegetables; cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats
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Industries:
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textiles, food processing, tourism, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, hydrocarbons, construction, cement, metals, light manufactures
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Industrial production growth rate:
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7.5% (2007 est.)
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Electricity - production:
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102.5 billion kWh (2005)
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Electricity - consumption:
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84.49 billion kWh (2005)
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Electricity - exports:
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946 million kWh (2005)
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Electricity - imports:
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168 million kWh (2005)
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Oil - production:
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665,000 bbl/day (2007 est.)
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Oil - consumption:
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635,000 bbl/day (2005 est.)
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Oil - exports:
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152,600 bbl/day (2004 est.)
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Oil - imports:
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69,860 bbl/day (2004)
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Oil - proved reserves:
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3.75 billion bbl (1 January 2007 est.)
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Natural gas - production:
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40.76 billion cu m (2005 est.)
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Natural gas - consumption:
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32.81 billion cu m (2005 est.)
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Natural gas - exports:
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7.951 billion cu m (2005 est.)
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Natural gas - imports:
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0 cu m (2005)
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Natural gas - proved reserves:
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1.589 trillion cu m (1 January 2006 est.)
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Current account balance:
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$500.9 million (2007 est.)
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Exports:
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$24.45 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
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Exports - commodities:
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crude oil and petroleum products, cotton, textiles, metal products, chemicals
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Exports - partners:
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US 10%, Italy 9.7%, Spain 7.8%, Syria 5.7%, Saudi Arabia 5%, UK 4.3% (2007)
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Imports:
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$44.95 billion f.o.b. (2007 est.)
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Imports - commodities:
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machinery and equipment, foodstuffs, chemicals, wood products, fuels
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Imports - partners:
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US 11.7%, China 9.7%, Italy 6.5%, Germany 6.4%, Saudi Arabia 4.8% (2007)
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Economic aid - recipient:
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ODA, $925.9 million (2005)
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Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
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$31.37 billion (31 December 2007 est.)
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Debt - external:
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$29.2 billion (30 June 2007)
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Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
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$48.46 billion (2007 est.)
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Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
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$1.295 billion (2007 est.)
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Market value of publicly traded shares:
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$93.48 billion (2006)
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Currency (code):
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Egyptian pound (EGP)
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Exchange rates:
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Egyptian pounds per US dollar - 5.67 (2007), 5.725 (2006), 5.78 (2005), 6.1962 (2004), 5.8509 (2003)
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Fiscal year:
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1 July - 30 June
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Airports:
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88 (2007)
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Airports - with paved runways:
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total: 72
over 3,047 m: 15
2,438 to 3,047 m: 36
1,524 to 2,437 m: 16
under 914 m: 5 (2007)
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Airports - with unpaved runways:
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total: 16
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 3
914 to 1,523 m: 5
under 914 m: 7 (2007)
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Heliports:
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3 (2007)
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Pipelines:
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condensate 483 km; condensate/gas 74 km; gas 6,466 km; liquid petroleum gas 957 km; oil 5,518 km; oil/gas/water 37 km; refined products 895 km (2007)
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Railways:
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total: 5,063 km
standard gauge: 5,063 km 1.435-m gauge (62 km electrified) (2006)
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Roadways:
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total: 92,370 km
paved: 74,820 km
unpaved: 17,550 km (2004)
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Waterways:
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3,500 km
note: includes Nile River, Lake Nasser, Alexandria-Cairo Waterway, and numerous smaller canals in delta; Suez Canal (193.5 km including approaches) navigable by oceangoing vessels drawing up to 17.68 m (2006)
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Merchant marine:
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total: 68 ships (1000 GRT or over) 988,223 GRT/1,506,194 DWT
by type: bulk carrier 11, cargo 28, container 2, passenger/cargo 4, petroleum tanker 14, roll on/roll off 9
foreign-owned: 11 (Denmark 1, Greece 9, Lebanon 1)
registered in other countries: 59 (Bolivia 1, Cambodia 13, Georgia 13, Honduras 3, Malta 1, Moldova 1, North Korea 1, Panama 18, Saudi Arabia 1, Sierra Leone 2, St Kitts and Nevis 2, St Vincent and the Grenadines 3) (2008)
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Ports and terminals:
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Ayn Sukhnah, Alexandria, Damietta, El Dekheila, Sidi Kurayr, Suez
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