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The initial core of the caliphate was the Muslim community — the Ummah, created by the Prophet Muhammad at the beginning of the VII century in Hejaz (Western Arabia). Initially, this community was small and represented a proto-state formation of a super-religious nature, by analogy with the Mosaic state or the First Communities of Christ [source not specified 613 days]. As a result of Muslim conquests, a huge state was created, which included the Arabian Peninsula, Iraq, Iran, most of the Transcaucasia (in particular, the Armenian Highlands, the Caspian territories, the Colchis Lowland, as well as the districts of Tbilisi), Central Asia, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, North Africa, most of the Iberian Peninsula, Sindh. The word caliphate (Arabic: خلليييييييي - Khalīfah — "heir", "representative") means both the title of the caliph and the vast state created after Muhammad by the Arab conquerors under the leadership of his "caliphs" (governors). The era of the existence of the Arab Caliphate, together with several subsequent centuries of the heyday of general Islamic science and culture, are referred to in Western historiography as the Golden Age of Islam. The Righteous Caliphate (632-661) Main article: The Righteous Caliphate The territory of the Caliphate in 632 After the death of the Prophet Muhammad in 632, a Righteous Caliphate was created. It was headed by four Righteous caliphs: Abu Bakr al-Siddiq, Umar ibn al-Khattab, Uthman ibn Affan and Ali ibn Abu Talib. During their rule, the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant (Sham), the Caucasus, part of North Africa from Egypt to Tunisia and the Iranian Highlands were included in the Caliphate. |
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